Critical Analysis on NIKE Essays

Critical Analysis on NIKE Essays Critical Analysis on NIKE Paper Critical Analysis on NIKE Paper Essay Topic: Op Ed History Nike began as Phil Knights semester-long project to develop a small business, which included a marketing plan. This project was part of Phil Knights MBA course at Stanford University in the early 1960s. Phil Knight had been a runner at the University of Oregon in the late 1950s. His idea for his project was to develop high quality running shoes. He thought that high quality/low cost products could be produced in Japan and then shipped to the United States to be sold at a profit. His professor thought that Knights idea was interesting, but not much more than a project. In 1963 Phil Knight went to Japan and had a meeting with a running shoe manufacturing company called Tiger. He told them that he was the representative of an American distributor that wanted to sell Tiger running shoes to runners in the United States. This was all very much a spur of the moment idea, and Knight quickly made up a name and called his company Blue Ribbon Sports. Knight started small, and he continued to work with Tigers until he reached over a million dollars in sales in the early 1970s. In 1971 came up with the name Nike along with the Swoosh trademark for his products. The winged goddess of victory from Greek mythology nspired both the name Nike and the Swoosh symbol. In the late 1970s Blue Ribbon Sports officially became Nike and increased its sales from $10,000,000 to $270,000,000. During the 1980s and 1990s the company and sales continued to grow. In 1996, Nike was named Marketer of the Year with sales at $6. 74 billion. Sales and profits have continued to grow over the years, but at what cost to those who work in Nikes factories worldwide? http://xroads. virginia. edu/†CLASS/ am483_97/proJects/hincker/nikhist. tml As far back as 1998, Nike was being criticized for the way their footwear was being produced. Remember that Phil Knight wanted to produce high quality footwear at a low cost. Michael Moores film The Big One brought to light Nikes overseas labor practices and raised many questions about Mr. Knight and his company. In his film, Michael Moore questioned the number of hours Nike factory workers were working, the amount they were being paid, and the age of some of the factory workers. As a result of the film, Nike felt compelled to raise the minimum age of their factory workers in factories. http://dogeatdog. ichaelmoore. com/nikerelease. html However, Michael Moores film did not bring an end to Nikes problems related to hild labor. In an article entitled Nike Admits to Mistakes over Child Labor by Steve Boggan, published on October 20, 2001 it says, Philip Knight, the company chairman, clearly stung by reports of children as young as 10 making shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan and Cambodia, attempted to convince Nikes critics that it had only ever employed children accidentally. Of all the issues facing Nike in workplace standards, child labor is the most vexing, he said in the report. Our age standards are the highest in the world: 18 for footwear manufacturing, 16 for apparel and equipment, or local standards whenever they are higher. But in some countries (Bangladesh and Pakistan, for example) those standards are next to impossible to verify, when records of birth do not exist or can be easily forged. http:// www. commondreams. org/headlinesol 11020-01. htm The article goes on to discuss a situation in 1995 when Nike thought it was producing footballs in a responsible factory with good conditions, only to discover that the work was being subcontracted to small villages and children were making the footballs. It is clear that historically there have been problems with working conditions in Nikes sweatshop factories as well as the use of child labor. Nike has taken steps to improve the conditions in its 1,000 factories overseas. However, there are many more recent problems that still exist today. As recently as 2011 Nike was again facing allegations of abuse and mistreatment of factory workers in Indonesia. The problems seemed to be occurring in the Pou Chen Group Factory in Sukabumi, which is located about 100 kilometers from Jakarta. This factory started making Converse shoes in 2007, which was four years after Nike bought Converse. It has been reported that, workers making Nikes Converse brand sneakers in Indonesia said supervisors regularly physically assaulted and verbally bused them. Nike admits that abuses occurred but insists there was little it could do to stop it. wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html The Pou Chen factory is located in a place where the minimum wage is far below the national average. It has 10,000 workers who make Converse sneakers. Most of the workers are women, and they earn only 50 cents an hour. The amount that they earn is not even enough to cover their food and very poor housing. In this factory, the women are both physically and verbally abused. Nikes own investigations have proved these complaints to be true. The company made a statement saying that mmediate actions would be taken to deal with the situation. It is interesting to note that, an internal Nike report, released to the Associated Press after it inquired about the abuse, showed that nearly two-thirds of 168 factories making Converse products worldwide failed to meet Nikes own standards for contract manufacturers. Twelve access to Nike inspectors. Another 97 are in a category defined as making no progress in improving problems ranging from verbal harassment to paying less than the minimum wage. wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html There have been many years of criticism of Nikes sweatshop factories. Despite Nikes promises to make improvements and address the issues, Nike has not been successful in their initiatives. The fact is that in order to make enormous profits, companies like Nike continue to exploit their factory workers. For example, a pair of Nike running shoes that sells for $140. 00 only costs about $3. 0 to produce. Nikes sweatshop factories give Jobs to about 800,000 low-paid workers. A high percentage of the workers are young women between the ages of 18 to 24. They are paid less than a reasonable wage. In Indonesia, they should earn about $4. 50 a day to be able to cover their basic needs. However, Nike only pays them about $2. 50 a day. This problem is not unique to Nike. The sweatshop conditions endured by low-wage garment workers around the globe arise from the necessity of capital to extract ever- greater amounts of surplus value, and profit, from the labor of the working class. The globalization of production has created the objective conditions for forging the international unity of working people in struggle against the giant transnational corporations such as Nike. Under capitalism, however, the vast expansion of productive capacity taking place only leads to a never-ending competitive drive to lash wages and conditions. wsws. org/en/articles/2011/09/nike-s08. html Although Nike has recognized the fact that the sweatshop conditions are terrible, and have done so for many years, the problem goes much further than Just Nike. Steps must be taken worldwide to improve conditions in the global workplace. Nike is not the only company that exploits its workers. They are not the only ones who are making a fortune while their workers live in poverty and suffer constant abuse. It is difficult, however, to clean up Nikes factories when Nikes competitors are using the ame factories at the same time. The cycle of exploitation will be very hard to change, as there is nothing new concerning horrible sweatshop conditions. Since sweatshop conditions are very widespread, it is difficult to avoid buying products made in sweatshops. The problem is a global production system that drives contractors to cut costs, increase productivity, and meet shorter and shorter delivery times, all of which further squeeze workers. This global system continues to lower standards and worsen conditions in developing countries. http:// nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html The video entitled Nike Sweatshops: Behind the Swoosh explores the Nike sweatshop issue. It uses a Nike factory town in Indonesia as a case study to make the film. It shows the oppression and exploitation in this part of the world. The film shows the horrible conditions of the workers living in squalor. They work very long hours under very difficult conditions and cannot even meet their most basic needs. been threatened not to talk to anyone about factory conditions. They are not allowed to talk about their living conditions. The film shows that Tiger Woods is paid $100,000,000 dollars for wearing Nike lothing, and Nike is making billions of dollars each year. However, Nike continues to exploit the people who work very hard for the company. The film says, Nike is in Indonesia for one reason cheap labor. It is an ideology of maximizing profit at all costs of humanity and nature. The film calls for truth Justice, and equality for all people. The message should continue to be spread. youtube. com/watch? FM5UYCWVfuPQ It is essential that the companies responsible for the horrible conditions in sweatshops around the world take further steps to find out exactly what problems exist and how to resolve them. There needs to be greater public awareness and accountability. The factory conditions should not be kept secret. The factory workers and their communities need to have a strong, united voice. They should be represented by their own strong organizations. Conditions will only begin to improve when workers are no longer exploited and oppressed. It will only be then that the most serious problems in the global supply chains can be identified and resolved. http://nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html Since the 1990s Nike has been criticized for exploiting workers in sweatshop conditions. Nike has admitted that the problems exists, but has not been able to change the system of exploitation and harsh working conditions. Nike violates U. S. labor laws. Sweatshops exist internationally as well as in the United States. Consumers are an important part of the global system that supports sweatshop exploitation. If consumers refused to buy items made in sweatshop conditions, then sweatshops would not survive. Worker conditions would have to improve in order for us to purchase the products. We need to make sure that companies continue to create jobs and products while making major improvements on concerning working onditions. All employees must be treated with dignity. Companies can continue to make good profits while raising salaries and improving conditions. Companies that are based in developed countries like the U. S. ake advantage of lower wages and poor labor laws in developing nations. By having their factories in developing countries, companies can avoid having to respect labor laws and exploit workers. In order to combat sweatshop conditions, we need a strong, global movement against corporate greed that will make sweat-free purchasing, and trade agreements with enforceable labor rights, politi cal priorities. Despite the claims f transnational corporations-and the economists that work for them- sweatshops are not a natural stage of economic development, nor will they automatically disappear if we abandon the economy to market forces. Like any other injustice, we rid the world of sweatshops only if we demand that they be abolished. Sweat-free policies is essential to educate consumers by publicizing current working conditions. Consumers must demand better conditions for factory workers. Stricter laws should be enforced with sanctions for violations of labor laws. With all the money Nike and other companies make on their product and spend Just o market their product is an abomination for them to say well there is nothing we can do. It is not about that it is about the big guy always has the power at the top and giving a cut to the ones who could make a change. If our society didnt revolve around greed and realize that they can put that money that they use to market their product which is no longer nessecary because people buy it anyways and put it towards providing better working conditions and a higher salary and health care. At the end of the day it is up to us the people to see the changes we wish to see bestowed upon ur world and the future of our children. Resources: 1 . http://businessethicscases. logspot. com. es/2013/04/nike-inc-employees-in-nikes- converse. html 2. http://dogeatdog. michaelmoore. com/nikerelease. html 3. http://globalpeaceandconflict. wordpress. com/2012/02/23/nike-and-modern-day- slavery/ 4. http://nature. berkeley. edu/orourke/media/globe-op-ed. html 6. change. org/petitions/]ust-do-it-nike-stop-abusing-indonesian-workers 7. commondreams. org/headlinesol 11020-01 . htm 8. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2014325/Nike-workers-kicked-slapped- erbally-abused-factories-making-Converse-line-lndonesia. tml 9. huffngtonpost. com/2011107/13/nike-faces-new-worker-abuse- Indonesia n 896816. html 10. time. com/time/nation/article/O,8599,11132,00. html 11 . wsws. org/en/articles/2011 /09/nike-s08. html 12. youtube. com/watch? v=CCrUZuyZHyk 13. youtube. com/watch? Fe9ZktmrGGMlJ 14. youtube. com/watch? v=FveOxJEyk41J 15. youtube. com/watch? FM5uYCWVfuPQ 16. http://wwwl . american. edu/ted/nike. htm 17. http://xroads. virginia. edu/†CLASS/am483_97/proJects/hincker/nikhist. html

Free Essays on Fashions Of The 60s

Why did some styles become so popular and remain popular though out the 60s’? Some were different enough to become a huge hit with teens, while others were not as lucky. From the peace symbols that attempted to keep the war far from home, to the ban the bra movement that gave women a group to belong to. In the Mod movement many teens started their own kind of fashion that was fresh and new, too unique for some though. The fashions of the 60s’ reflected the turbulence and rebelliousness of the era. The peace sign represented many people fighting for the war to stay far from home, and to keep it there. The peace symbol became a strong representation of hope for teens; it gave them a ground to stand on. To the Mod movement that started in Britain and slowly traveled to America that started the whole fashion uniqueness. It was mostly influenced by, art, music and drugs. The different cuts and colors of fabric really helped in the search to find whom they were. It was time to break away from the boring clothes of the 1950s and break in to a whole new line of style. With the new vibrant colors and slimming cuts fashion had taken off like a rocket. The youth of the world began to see that nothing could hold them back from being individual. They started wearing clothes that no one would criticize because they were too fancy. The skirts of the 60s had shorter and shorter hemlines. Some say this â€Å"led to the moral decline of society and youth† (SK). As the new styles emerged so did the way teens thought, not so much for themselves but for their country and what they believed in. The peace symbol really spread far and fast, pretty soon it was all over. It was on shirts, cars, jewelry, and many other things. Organizations really helped with the overwhelming question of â€Å"Where do I belong?† Such as the Ban the Bra movement, it helped young women know and feel like they belonged to something important. Women’s rights really came aliv... Free Essays on Fashions Of The 60's Free Essays on Fashions Of The 60's Why did some styles become so popular and remain popular though out the 60s’? Some were different enough to become a huge hit with teens, while others were not as lucky. From the peace symbols that attempted to keep the war far from home, to the ban the bra movement that gave women a group to belong to. In the Mod movement many teens started their own kind of fashion that was fresh and new, too unique for some though. The fashions of the 60s’ reflected the turbulence and rebelliousness of the era. The peace sign represented many people fighting for the war to stay far from home, and to keep it there. The peace symbol became a strong representation of hope for teens; it gave them a ground to stand on. To the Mod movement that started in Britain and slowly traveled to America that started the whole fashion uniqueness. It was mostly influenced by, art, music and drugs. The different cuts and colors of fabric really helped in the search to find whom they were. It was time to break away from the boring clothes of the 1950s and break in to a whole new line of style. With the new vibrant colors and slimming cuts fashion had taken off like a rocket. The youth of the world began to see that nothing could hold them back from being individual. They started wearing clothes that no one would criticize because they were too fancy. The skirts of the 60s had shorter and shorter hemlines. Some say this â€Å"led to the moral decline of society and youth† (SK). As the new styles emerged so did the way teens thought, not so much for themselves but for their country and what they believed in. The peace symbol really spread far and fast, pretty soon it was all over. It was on shirts, cars, jewelry, and many other things. Organizations really helped with the overwhelming question of â€Å"Where do I belong?† Such as the Ban the Bra movement, it helped young women know and feel like they belonged to something important. Women’s rights really came aliv...

The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence Essays - Philosophy

The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence Essays - Philosophy The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence The Prince, Machiavellis Economy of Violence Machiavelli was an Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher, whose amoral, but influential writings on power building have turned his name into a synonym for cunning and duplicity. I personally feel he is a genius. Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy. He eventually became a man who lived his life for politics and patriotism. Right now, however, he is associated with corrupt, totalitarian government. The reason for this is a small pamphlet he wrote called The Prince to gain influence with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The political genius of Niccolo Machiavelli was overshadowed by the reputation that was unfairly given to him because of a misunderstanding of his views on politics. Machiavelli's life was very interesting. He lived a nondescript childhood in Florence, and his main political experience in his youth was watching Savanarola from afar. Soon after Savanarola was executed, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as a secretary. His position quickly rose, however, and was soon engaging in diplomatic missions. He met many of the important politicians of the day, such as the Pope and the King of France, but none had more impact on him than a prince of the Papal States, Cesare Borgia. Borgia was a cunning, cruel man, very much like the one portrayed in The Prince. Machiavelli did not truly like Borgia's policies, but he thought that with a ruler like Borgia the Florentines could unite Italy, which was Machiavelli's goal throughout his life. Unfortunately for Machiavelli, he was dismissed from office when the Medici came to rule Florence and the Republic was overthrown. The lack of a job forced him to switch to writing about politics instead of being active. His diplomatic missions were his last official government positions. When Machiavelli lost his office, he desperately wanted to return to politics. He tried to gain the favor of the Medici by writing an essay of what he thought were the Medici's goals and dedicating it to them. And so The Prince was written for that purpose. Unfortunately, the Medici didn't agree with what the book said, so he was out of a job. But when the public saw the book, they were outraged. The people wondered how cruel a man could be to think evil thoughts like the ones in The Prince, and this would come back to haunt him when he was alive and dead. However, if the people wanted to know what Machiavelli really stood for, they should have read his Discourses on Livy, which explain his full political philosophy. But not enough people had and have, and so the legacy of The Prince continues to define Machiavelli to the general public. A few years later the Medici were kicked out of Florence. The republic was re-established, and Machiavelli ran to retake the office he had left so many years ago. But the reputation that The Prince had established made people think his philosophy was like the Medici, so he was not elected. And here the sharp downhill of his life began. His health began to fail him, and he died months later, in 1527. Machiavelli had been unfairly attacked all of his life because of a bad reputation. But it only got worse after he died. He was continually blasted for his support of corrupt ruling. In fact, Machiavellian now means corrupt government. Only recently has his true personality come to light. The world must change it's vision of the cold, uncaring Machiavelli to the correct view of a patriot and a political genius. Throughout his career Machiavelli sought to establish a state capable of resisting foreign attack. His writings are concerned with the principles on which such a state is founded, and with the means by which they can be implemented and maintained. In, The Prince he describes the method by which a prince can acquire and maintain political power. This study, which has often been regarded as a defense of the despotism and tyranny of such rulers as Cesare Borgia, is based on Machiavelli's belief that a ruler is not bound by traditional ethical norms. In his view, a prince should be concerned only with power

The Steele of Naram-Sin and the palette of Narmer Assignment

The Steele of Naram-Sin and the palette of Narmer - Assignment Example In both art pieces, the Kings get depicted as deity and religious views of the ancient Egyptians. The Steele shows Naram-Sin wearing a helmet with horns signifying his divine power. Through his divine power, it appears okay for him to violently rule over those against him. The Steele also shows Naram-Sin looking up towards the sky. He looks at the suns above the mountains probably signifying a greater power than him. It appears he is showing respect to God. The palette shows the religious and ritualistic side of the ancient Egyptians. On the backside of the palette of Narmer, there is a sandal bearer next to Narmer who holds his sandals. This implies that Narmer is standing on holy ground. Narmer stands on holy ground before slaying his captive. This implies that Narmer is about to perform a holy act that is right by the gods eyes. He appears as a deity who gets allowed to perform such slaying rituals. At the top of the palette, there is the heads of Harthor who is a goddess of the h eavens, women, and a protector of the king. The inscriptions on the palette ascribe to the religious beliefs of the Egyptians.The victory Steele shows victory over the Lullubi mountain people while the Palette signifies the unification of ancient lower and Upper Egypt On the Steele, Naram-Sin climbs up the top of a mountain followed by a fleet of his soldiers who walk over their enemies. The Steele gets used to depict Naram-Sin’s conquest of the Lullubi mountain people. The king on the Steele tramples on the bodies of his enemies. who lie below him. The palette of Narmer represents the unification of the ancient two Egyptian kingdoms into one. On the backside of the palette, Narmer adorns the white crown of Upper Egypt. On the opposite end of the palette, he wears the red crown of Lower Egypt (Fred 42). Wearing both crowns on the same palette indicates that he is the ruler of both kingdoms. There is also presence of the papyrus plant which represents Lower Egypt. The front si de of the palette has two feline type beasts that get intertwined. This further signifies unity

Organisational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organisational behavior - Essay Example The organisation selected for this task in KnowHow, a strategic business unit of Dixons Retail Group. The paper is divided into five sections. Section one is this introduction. Section two begins with a company overview of the Dixons Retail Group that includes a description of the organisation’s human resource management. In the sub-section that follows, the paper introduces and describes the individual who has been identified as a leader within the selected organisation. Section three goes deeper into identifying the traits that make the selected individual a leader. Two different techniques are used to do this. First the paper uses the traits that a modern serial entrepreneur, Penny Herscher, uses to identify leaders within her organisation. The second approach is based on the Goleman’s academically acclaimed emotional intelligence approach. Section four measures the effectiveness of the identified leader’s leadership style using contingency theories of leaders hip proposed by Fielder, Vroom and Yetton and Lorsch. Section five summarises key points and implications. 2.0. Dixons Retail Group 2.1. Company overview Dixons Retail Group is among Europe’s top specialist electric retailer that that sells consumer electronics, personal computers, photographic equipment, domestic appliances and related services. As at end of 2011 the organisation had over 1,200 stores, in 28 countries in Europe and a workforce of 38,000 staff. Annual revenue for 2011 was UK ?8.15 billion. The group has a portfolio of several brands that are grouped under four geographic divisions: UK & Ireland, Nordics, other international and pure-play e-commerce (Dixons Retail, 2012a). Dixons retail was founded in 1932, made public in 1962 and has grown to its current size largely through making strategic acquisitions. UK & Ireland has been the core market for Dixons Retail and it reflects this by offering the organisation’s most comprehensive end to end service o ffering in electric retailing and services in the UK. The brands managed by this division are: Currys, PC World, Black, DSGi Business, Dixons Travel, Partmaster and KnowHow (Dixons Retail, 2012a). In 2011, the Nordic division – with about a third of the number of stores operated by the UK & Ireland division – outdid the UK & Ireland division by ?34.3 million in earnings before interest and taxes. There are four brands under the Nordics division: Lefdal, Gigantti, El Giganten and Elkjop brands. The international division consists of four brands: UniEuro and PC City in Italy, Kotsovolos in Greece, and Electro World in the Slovakia, Turkey and Czech Republic. Most of these brands also have dual sales channels that is, through physical stores and online. The segregated e-commerce division is focused on two brands PIXmania and dixons.co.uk. 2.2. Human resource management at Dixons Retail Human resource management (HRM) within an organisation is intricately involved with t he type of leadership that gets nurtured and developed within that given organisation. Human resource (HR) practices create an infrastructure that affects employees, customers, line managers, and investors. When HR practices align with

Chemotherapy Lounge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chemotherapy Lounge - Assignment Example Nursing as caring by Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer is the most appropriate theory. The theory explains that caring is an innate virtue arising from the humanness of a person. It further explains that people live their live caring at every moment with each moment being unique. The patient in the case requires simple recognitions some of which arises from the humanness of the nurses. He wants the nurse to care for his unique needs at every moment. As such, the theory offers the best description of a nurse that would enhance his holistic healing. Jean Watson’s theory of human caring offers relational caring both for self and for others. The theory explains that one must always cultivate his or her spiritual practice beyond the ego. This requires a form of mind body and spirit type of wholesomeness in order for one to work as a nurse (Watson, 2008). Such an individual practices a form of loving kindness and equanimity that can help the patient in the

How does contemporary Anglicanism relate to the core beliefs of the Essay

How does contemporary Anglicanism relate to the core beliefs of the Church of England in the 16th and 17th centuries - Essay Example Anglican modernism is identified with the "Modern Churchmen's Union" founded in 1898 to stimulate and defend liberal thought within the Church of England. It has much in common with Liberal Protestantism in Germany, characterized by such thinkers as Friedrich Scheliermacher, the 'Father of Modern Theology'. Adolf Von Harnack, whose book What is Christianity, characterizes the point of view of many English Modernists. "Others, on the contrary, assure him that Christianity is an optimistic religion, and that it must be thought of simply and solely as a higher phase of Judaism, and these people also suppose that in saying this they have said something very profound." Von Harnack, A.1987, What is Christianity P.2 Anglican Modernism also developed out of the 'Broad Church Movement' of the nineteenth century. For them, this began with the acceptance of Biblical criticism and the theory of evolution and their insistence that Christianity must be adapted to accept these. The starting point for them was their acceptance of Biblical criticism and the theory of evolution and their insistence that Christianity must be adapted to accept these. The starting point for them was their acceptance of Biblical criticism and the theory of evolution and their insistence that Christianity must be adapted to accept these. While they rejected nature miracles like the virgin birth and his bodily resurrection, they emphasized the teachings of the historical Christ. Jesus' death on the cross was not to placate the wrath of God, but to show the way in which God is present in human suffering. This is at variance with traditional Christian doctrine and the beliefs of 16th and 17th century Anglicans as shown in Article one of the thirty-nine articles. Doctrine in the Church of England, (1938), accepts that the modernist interpretations of Christianity doctrine were legitimate positions to hold within the Church. Essentially Modernism takes a middle path between radical skepticism and the revival of fundamentalism. Surveys of what Christians believe propose that Modernist way of thinking have become typical of liberal Christianity. We need to look at the sensibleness of key Christian beliefs. In the minds of many outsiders Christianity is outmoded and reactionary. Kant who argued that there was no reason to postulate a first cause because infinite regress was equally as plausible refuted the claim that God created the Universe out of nothing. This no longer applies because there is now a consensus among scientists that the Universe had a beginning. This does not prove that God created it but it is very compatible with it. Many scientists are happy to speak in terms of a mind behind the Universe, yet they are reluctant to identify themselves with Christianity. According to John Leslie, "Our Universe does lookvery much as if created by God" but "not by a God who interferes with nature's operation." The idea of a God who created a Universe in which he does not intervene is the classic modernistic position. Paul Badham identifies this religious interest with the